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General Comments on Exam 2:
This review may be updated prior to Exam.
The exam consists of multiple choice and short answer and label the diagram questions, much like the first exam.
The following review touches on relevant concepts, definitions, ideas, etc. You will, of course, have to refer back to your notes and the lecture outlines for the details.
You are expected to know what was discussed in lecture which is more than is in the lecture outlines on the WWW, and you should expect to use the assigned readings to back up the material discussed in lecture. Pay particular attention to the diagrams which are noted in the lecture outlines and in the review below. I do not expect you to know information from the readings that were not discussed in lecture.
Students who have done best on my exams in the past have taken the time to rewrite their notes along with the lecture outlines, and have clarified missing details from their notes by contacting me (in person or via email) before the exam. Simply glancing over lecture outlines from the course WWW does not seem to be the best way to study for this course.
Do contact me (email is best) if you have any questions or problems in preparing for the exam: jbkrygier@owu.edu
Introduction to Landform Study
1. Earth and its Interior
2. Composition of the Earth's Crust
2b. Sedimentary Rocks
2c. Metamorphic Rocks
3. Additional Critical Concepts for Landform Study
4. The Process of Studying Landforms
Several important aspects
4a. Knowing Where particular landforms are
4b. Knowing What the characteristics of the landforms are
4c. Knowing Why the landform came to be
Internal Processes: Building up Earth's Landforms
1. Crustal Rearrangement: Earth's dynamic crust and the consequences
2. Vulcanism: origin and movement of molten rock
a. Volcanic Processes: Extrusive Vulcanism: Surface
b. Plutonic Processes: Intrusive Vulcanism: Sub-surface
3. Diastrophism
3a. Folding: solid rock gets bent
3b. Faulting: crustal stresses also lead to rock being broken
Prominent Faulted Landforms:
4. The Complexes of Crustal Configuration: SKIP THIS SECTION FOR EXAM 2
Weathering, Mass Wasting, and Erosion
Denudation: disintegration, wearing away, and removal of rock material; implies a lowering of earth's surface
1. Weathering: processes that break up rock at the earth's surface
1a. A Typology of Cracks and Crevices in Rock:
1b. Weathering Agents
2. Mass Wasting: processes that move fragmented rock short distances down slope
3. Erosion
Fluvial Processes: any environmental processes involving the flow of water
1. Impact of Fluvial Processes on the Landscape
1a. Traditional Theory of Landform Development: The Geomorphic Cycle
1b. Critique of Davisian Theory: Crustal Change and Slope Development
1c. Equilibrium Theory
2. Fundamental Definitions and Concepts of Fluvial Processes
3. Stream Channels: Key Characteristics of individual streams and rivers
4. Stream Systems: how streams and rivers relate to each other
5. Shaping and Reshaping of Valleys by Fluvial Processes
Karst and Hydrothermal Processes: The effect of Underground Water on landforms
1. Karst Processes and Landscapes
Related to chemical weathering: breakdown and removal of rock due to chemical reaction between water and rock
Relatively widespread effect on earth's surface
1a. Solution and Precipitation
1b. Caverns and Related Features
1c. Karst Topography
2. Hydrothermal Features
In essence: underground water heated by magma then forced to earth's surface
4a. Hot Springs
4b. Geysers
4c. Fumaroles
Desert Landforms
1. The Work of Water in Dry Regions: Fluvial Processes
Key: despite its scarcity, water is the most important external landform shaping agent in dry regions of the world
1a. Surface Water in Deserts
1b. Fluvial Erosion in Arid Lands
1c. Fluvial Deposition in Arid Lands
1d. Desert Fluvial Landforms: Basin and Range Terrain
1e. Desert Fluvial Landforms: Mesa and Scarp Terrain
2. The Work of the Wind in Dry Regions: Aeolian Processes
Aeolian processes: related to the movement of air over the earth's surface
Most effective where surface material is fine, dry and not held in place by vegetation
2a. Aeolian Erosion and Transportation
2b. Aeolian Deposition
2c. Desert Aeolian Landforms
Glaciers and Glacial Landforms
The role of ice, and in particular moving ice - glaciers - in shaping landforms
What we can see today in the landscape is the result of existing glaciers
1. Glaciers Formation and Flow
Glaciers form when there is a year to year accumulation of snow
Overall result of glacial flow is a form of erosion by water
2. Mountain Glaciers
3. Continental Ice Sheets and Glaciers
3a. Development and Flow of Pleistocene Glaciation
3b. Erosion by Ice Sheets
...transportation by glaciers...
3c. Deposition by Ice Sheets and Glaciers during Pleistocene: McKnight fig. 19.18
Unstratified, no patterns:
Unstratified, patterns:
Stratified, patterns due to glacial runoff:
E-mail: jbkrygier@owu.edu
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